Anugerah kecemerlangan spm 2011

Guru  Ketua Panitia Biologi SMK P Saujana

Ada juga hitam putih

Nak juga gambar sendiri ada kat sini...:)

Antara pelajar yang cemerlang bersama guru-guru cemerlang

Antara calon-calon SPM 2013 yang menjanjikan kecemerlangan..

Antara calon-calon SPM 2013 yang menjanjikan kecemerlangan..

ps/ terima kasih kepada Saujana Photography untuk gambar2 di atas...

Baka baru

Cinta Katak

Sugar Homeostasis

The body requires of glucose in order to create ATP. Two hormones are responsible for controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood. These are insulin and glucagon. The diagram illustrates the principle of negative feedback control in action involving blood sugar levels.


Diabetes


Diabetes insipidus is a condition where excess urine is excreted caused by the sufferers inability to produce ADH and promote the retention of water.


Diabetes Mellitus is another form of diabetes where the sufferer does not have the ability to produce sufficient insulin, meaning that glucose cannot be converted into glycogen. Anyone who has this condition usually has to take injections of insulin after meals and snacks to maintain their storage of glucose needed in emergencies.

Excretory System: Homeostasis

Urinary System

Two major functions:

1.     Elimination

o    Removal of harmful wastes.

2.     Regulation

o    Control and balance of several substances in the blood including water, acids and bases (pH), ions and salts

The major organs of the system include:

• 2 kidneys: filters blood, producing urine
• 2 ureters: carry urine to urinary bladder
• 1 urinary bladder: stores urine
• 1 urethra: carries urine to the outside of the body

Associated blood vessels:

• renal artery: carries contaminated blood into the kidneys
• renal vein: carries purified blood from the kidney, placing the blood back into circulation

Kidneys

• main excretory organs of the body
• found on the back wall of the abdomen on either side of the spine just below the ribs
• basic filtering unit inside the kidney is the nephron unit
• each kidney contains 1 – 1.25 million nephron units
• parts of the nephron unit are found in both the cortex and medulla of the kidney

Three major sections of the kidney:

1.     Cortex

o    Outer part of the kidney

o    Contains the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and blood supply of the nephron unit

2.     Medulla

o    Middle of the kidney

o    Contains the loop of Henle and collecting duct of the nephron unit

3.     Pelvis

o    Inner cavity of the kidney

o    Area where the collecting ducts of all the nephron units terminate

The nephron unit carries out its filtering of the blood in two stages:

1.     Filtration

§  Blood leaves the renal artery and enters the glomerulus

§  Blood pressure forces the plasma of the blood, containing both waste material and useful material, into the Bowman’s capsule

§  This material is called filtrate

§  Filtrate contains such things as:

§  water	§  glucose	§  sodium
§  urea	§  amino acids	§  potassium
§  salt	§  vitamins	§  uric acid

2.     Reabsorption

§  Useful materials contained within the filtrate are reabsorbed by the capillary network that surrounds the renal tubule

§  Reabsorption of water occurs by osmosis

§  Reabsorption of glucose, sodium, amino acids, etc occurs by active transport

§  Fluid that remains in the renal tubule after reabsorbtion is urine

§  Path of urine: collecting duct Ü pelvis Ü ureter Ü urinary bladder Ü urethra

o    The kidney maintains homeostasis by regulating the following mechanisms:

2.                 Water balance

§  Hypothalamus of the brain directs the pituitary gland of the endocrine system to control levels of the hormone vasopressin or andtidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood

§  This hormone travels through the blood to the kidneys where it directs the rate of water reabsorption

§  Increased vasopressin Ü increased water reabsorption

§  Decreased vasopressin Ü decreased water reabsorption

3.                 Blood pressure

§  Blood volume is regulated by the hormone aldosterone

§  Aldosterone affects the rate of sodium ion reabsorption which in turn affects the rate of water reabsorption

§  Increased aldosterone Ü increased water reabsorption Ü higher blood pressure

§  Decreased aldosterone Ü decreased water reabsorption Ü lower blood pressure

4.                 Blood composition

§  Useful materials contained in the filtrate (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed until the threshold level of the given material is reached

§  Defined as the maximum amount of material that can be moved across the nephron back into the blood

§  When the threshold is reached, the remaining material is removed as waste e.g. glucose in diabetes

5.                 Blood pH

§  Should be close to 7

§  The kidney removes excessively acidic or basic substances from the blood

6.                 Waste removal

§  Urea is the major waste product removed from the kidneys

§  Placed in the blood by the liver through the detoxification process

§  Excess amino acids are broken down in the liver

§  Converted to ammonia and then to urea

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment despite changing external conditions
• Ensures that the organs of the body operate within their normal limits thereby working efficiently
• Based on a feedback system
• Information is sent to a control center which directs the organ to react accordingly
• Two major control centers:
  1.     Brain of the nervous system
  2.     Glands of the endocrine system
  Several factors must be regulated including:
  1.     Temperature
  2.     Heart rate
  3.     Respiratory rate
  4.     Blood pressure
  5.     Water balance
  6.     Blood sugar levels.
  7.  Detoxification
  
  
  
  

  Activity	Organs involved	Center of Control
  Temperature	Skin	Hypothalamus
  Heart rate	Heart	Medulla oblongata
  Respiration rate	Ribs & diaphragm	Medulla oblongata
  Blood pressure	Heart and arteries Kidneys	Medulla oblongata controls: -cardiac output -arteriole resistance Hypothalamus directs the pituitary gland of the endocrine system to control water levels in the blood
  Water balance	Kidneys	See above
  Blood sugar levels	Pancreas (enzyme pancrease)	Islets of Langerhans control sugar levels: Insulin – reduces blood sugar levels Glucagon – increases blood sugar levels
  Detoxification	Liver	Removes harmful substances from the blood and inactivates them, returning them to the blood to be removed by the kidneys

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

DRINK WATER ON EMPTY STOMACH

DRINK WATER ON EMPTY STOMACH

It is popular in Japan today to drink water immediately after waking up every morning. Furthermore, scientific tests have proven its value. We publish below a description of use of water for our readers. For old and serious diseases as well as modern illnesses the water treatment had been found successful by a Japanese medical society as a 100% cure for the following ...diseases:
Headache, body ache, heart system, arthritis, fast heart beat, epilepsy, excess fatness, bronchitis asthma, TB, meningitis, kidney and urine diseases, vomiting, gastritis, diarrhea, piles, diabetes, constipation, all eye diseases, womb, cancer and menstrual disorders, ear nose and throat diseases.
METHOD OF TREATMENT
1. As you wake up in the morning before brushing teeth, drink 4 x 160ml glasses of water
2. Brush and clean the mouth but do not eat or drink anything for 45 minute
3.. After 45 minutes you may eat and drink as normal.
4. After 15 minutes of breakfast, lunch and dinner do not eat or drink anything for 2 hours
5. Those who are old or sick and are unable to drink 4 glasses of water at the beginning may commence by taking little water and gradually increase it to 4 glasses per day.
6. The above method of treatment will cure diseases of the sick and others can enjoy a healthy life.
The following list gives the number of days of treatment required to cure/control/reduce main diseases:
1. High Blood Pressure (30 days)
2. Gastric (10 days)
3. Diabetes (30 days)
4. Constipation (10 days)
5. Cancer (180 days)
6. TB (90 days)
7. Arthritis patients should follow the above treatment only for 3 days in the 1st week, and from 2nd week onwards – daily..
This treatment method has no side effects, however at the commencement of treatment you may have to urinate a few times.
It is better if we continue this and make this procedure as a routine work in our life. Drink Water and Stay healthy and Active.
This makes sense .. The Chinese and Japanese drink hot tea with their meals ..not cold water. Maybe it is time we adopt their drinking habit while eating!!! Nothing to lose, everything to gain...
For those who like to drink cold water, this article is applicable to you.
It is nice to have a cup of cold drink after a meal. However, the cold water will solidify the oily stuff that you have just consumed. It will slow down the digestion.
Once this 'sludge' reacts with the acid, it will break down and be absorbed by the intestine faster than the solid food. It will line the intestine.
Very soon, this will turn into fats and lead to cancer. It is best to drink hot soup or warm water after a meal.
A serious note about heart attacks:
· Women should know that not every heart attack symptom is going to be the left arm hurting,
· Be aware of intense pain in the jaw line.
· You may never have the first chest pain during the course of a heart attack.
· Nausea and intense sweating are also common symptoms.
· 60% of people who have a heart attack while they are asleep do not wake up.
· Pain in the jaw can wake you from a sound sleep. Let's be careful and be aware. The more we know, the better chance we could survive...
A cardiologist says if everyone who gets this mail sends it to everyone they know, you can be sure that we'll save at least one life.
Please be a true friend and send this article to all your friends you care abou

Why do multi-cellular organisms need a transport system?

Multi-cellular organisms are too big and not all of their cells have contact with the external environment.  All organisms need to exchange substances with their environment - take in needed molecules and get rid of waste.  A uni-cellular organism can use the processes of osmosis, diffusion and active transport to transport substances in and out of the organism, which is in this case just one cell.  But as organisms increase in size, they need a specialized transport system to exchange substances between the internal environment and the external environment.  Interestingly enough, osmosis and diffusion are still the important mechanisms at the cellular level.

The Human Endocrine System

Endocrine gland	Main hormone	Function
Pituitary gland	Growth hormone (GH)	•Controls growth
	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	•Stimulates the reabsorption of water in the kidneys (osmoregulation)
	Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	•Stimulates the formation of egg follicles in the ovary & the formation of sperms in the testes.
	Luteinising hormone (LH)	•Brings about ovulation
	Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)	•Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

Endocrine gland	Main hormone	Function
Thyroid gland	Thyroxine	•Control growth •Controls the rate of metabolism
Testis (plural : testes)	Androgen	•Stimulates the development & maturation of the testes •Controls the development of male secondary sexual characteistics
Adrenal gland	Adrenaline	•Prepare the body to face an emergency or a critical situation •Stimulates the body to generate heat when the environmental temperature is low
Pancreas	Insulin	•Lowers the blood glucose level
	Glucagon	•Raises the blood glucose level
Ovary	Oestrogen	•Stimulates the thickening of the uterine wall
	Progesterone	•Maintains the thickening of the uterine wall.

•The pituitary gland is often called the master endocrine gland à controls other endocrine glands (thyroid gland, testes & ovaries)

•

•The functions of hormones fall into 3 main categories :

–Reproduction (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesteron & androgen)

–Growth (GH & thyroxine)

–Homeostasis (ADH, insulin, glucagon & adrenaline)

Hormone

•

Hormone = an organic chemical compound produced by an endocrine gland & is transported by blood to its target organ to obtain a certain response. 

An endocrine gland is a ductless gland. 

To synthesise & secrete hormones. 

The hormones are secreted into the blood stream à reach all parts of the body.à only certain organ will respond (target organ of the hormone)

•Both nervous system & endocrine system are involved in the coordination of body functions.

Nervous system – detecting changes in the external environment & obtains relatively quick responses.

Some physiological activities occur over a long period of time (menstrual cycle, development of secondary sexual characteristics & growth) à cannot be regulated by nervous system. 

•It is necessary to have an endocrine system to regulate them. The ES complements the NS in coordinating body activities.